DECODE The Script of LIFE

 🧬 Understanding In-silico, In-vitro, and In-vivo Techniques in Biotechnology In Biotechnology, scientists use various approaches to study biological processes and develop new treatments or innovations. Three primary techniques are In-silico,In-vitro, and In-vivo—each with unique applications but often complementing one another in research. 💻 1. In-silico  Definition: In-silico refers to computational and simulation-based techniques used to study biological processes. These methods rely on computer models and algorithms to predict outcomes, analyze data, and simulate experiments.  Applications: Drug discovery, molecular docking, genomics, and systems biology are common fields where in-silico techniques shine. This approach saves time and cost by predicting biological behaviors before moving to laboratory or animal testing. 🦠2. In-vitro  Definition In-vitro involves experiments conducted outside of a living organism, typically in controlled laboratory settings like...

  DNA RNA Genes and Chromosom... by AISHA

  Central Dogma of Biology The  ‘Central Dogma’  is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product. The process illustrates the flow of genetic information in cells, DNA replication, and coding for the RNA through the transcription process, and further RNA codes for the proteins by translation. Now let's learn about each stage in central dogma one by one. Replication (From DNA to DNA) DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell. Transcription (From DNA to mRNA) Transcription is the process by which information is transferred from one strand of the DNA to RNA by the enzyme RNA Polymerase. The DNA strand which undergoes this process consists of three parts namely a promoter, a structural gene...

  DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid): DNA , abbreviation of  deoxyribonucleic acid , organic chemical of complex molecular structure that is found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in many viruses. DNA codes genetic information for the transmission of inherited traits. The chemical DNA was first discovered in 1869, but its role in genetic inheritance was not demonstrated until 1943. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick, aided by the work of biophysicists Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, determined that the structure of DNA is a double-helix polymer, a spiral consisting of two DNA strands wound around each other. The breakthrough led to significant advances in scientists’ understanding of DNA replication and hereditary control of cellular activities. Each strand of a DNA molecule is composed of a long chain of monomer nucleotides. The nucleotides of DNA consist of a deoxyribose sugar molecule to which is attached a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases: tw...

  Object:   Starting with an organism and a protein, find a protein sequence and gene coding region.   Example:  Find the protein sequence and gene coding region for pathogenicity factor   listeriolysin O  from the bacterium  Listeria monocytogenes .     Searching for gene and protein information   Begin the search in  Gene , because it has less redundancy than Protein (this same search in Protein retrieves over 1000 records).   Search:   Listeria monocytogenes[organism] AND listeriolysin O[ protein name]   (see  Searchable fields in Gene )     One record, for gene symbol  hly , is retrieved. It is associated with an NC_ accession number (specifying a complete genomic molecule that is usually a reference assembly; see  RefSeq accession numbers and molecule types ).   To find the  gene coding sequence , look at the  Genomic regions, transcripts, and products  section or th...