DECODE The Script of LIFE

  Biomolecules Biomolecules are essential substances produced by cells and living organisms. They come in various sizes and structures, performing a wide array of functions. Four Major Types of Biomolecules Carbohydrates : These molecules, primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, serve as both energy sources and structural components. They include monosaccharides (single sugar units), disaccharides (two sugar units), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids : Lipids play diverse roles in living organisms. They act as stored energy sources, form cell membranes, and serve as chemical messengers. Examples of lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Nucleic Acids : These biomolecules store an organism’s genetic code. The two main types are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA carries genetic information, while RNA plays a role in protein synthesis. Proteins : Proteins are crucial for life. They serve as structural elements in cells, tra

  GENETIC MUTATIONS Genetic mutations  are spontaneous changes occurring in the genetic material, (DNA) of an individual. Mutations can be passed to the next generations or may not, depending upon the type of cell in which they occur.       They can be harmful, beneficial or even neutral. Usually these are caused naturally but they can be caused by harmful radiations or chemicals or drugs etc. Somatic cell’s mutations do not pass to the offspring. While the mutations in germ line cells are hereditary. The term mutation was given by Devries in 1909. Types of Mutations Two most basic categories of mutations are: Point mutations These mutations are those occurring only at certain points in chromosomes or the genes if it. For example, insertion, deletion etc. Chromosomal mutation More sever class of mutations is chromosomal mutations. It includes deletion of one or set of chromosome, or may be more number of chromosomes is present in genome than normal numbers. They can be due to change in