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 Genomics_command_line_quiz1 For all projects, you may use your own Unix-based system and, where applicable, ensure that you are running the version of the software specified in the assignments. Alternatively, you may use the VMBox virtual machine environment provided with the course materials. Instructions on how to download and use the environment can be found on the course web site. For the following questions, refer to the class workflow and use the data in the Online materials (‘gencommand_proj1_data.tar.gz’) to answer the questions. Assume you sequenced and assembled the genome of Malus domestica (apple), and performed gene annotation. You then collected samples and ran RNA-seq experiments to determine sets of genes that are expressed in the various tissues. This information was stored, respectively, in the following files: “apple.genome”, “apple.genes”, “apple.condition{A,B,C}”. NOTE: The apple genome and the apple gene annotations for this project were extracted from the Ro...
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Immunotherapy

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Genetic Mutations

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  GENETIC MUTATIONS Genetic mutations  are spontaneous changes occurring in the genetic material, (DNA) of an individual. Mutations can be passed to the next generations or may not, depending upon the type of cell in which they occur.       They can be harmful, beneficial or even neutral. Usually these are caused naturally but they can be caused by harmful radiations or chemicals or drugs etc. Somatic cell’s mutations do not pass to the offspring. While the mutations in germ line cells are hereditary. The term mutation was given by Devries in 1909. Types of Mutations Two most basic categories of mutations are: Point mutations These mutations are those occurring only at certain points in chromosomes or the genes if it. For example, insertion, deletion etc. Chromosomal mutation More sever class of mutations is chromosomal mutations. It includes deletion of one or set of chromosome, or may be more number of chromosomes is present in genome than normal numbers....
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